Suchergebnisse

The subject. The paper is devoted to legal analysis of category "checks and balances" in the scope of constitutional legal coercion.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that mechanism of checks and balances is a method of prevention and resolution of constitutional conflicts.The methodology of the study includes comparative legal method as well as general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and particular academic legal methods (for-mal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts).The main results and scope of their application. While the Russian legal tradition focused on the search for optimal "checks" and "balances" as well as defended the theoretical model of formalism in this matter, the English legal tradition, on the contrary, focused on finding the optimal functional balance of all branches of government. The system of checks and balances serves the purpose of resolving constitutional and legal conflicts, when it is based on a functional approach rather than a formal one. The factors of "checks and bal-ances" mechanism are:– formation of the three branches of government in different ways;– comparability of powers of the Supreme authorities belonging to various branches of the powers with discrepancy of terms of their powers;– authorities of every branch of government must have "counterbalance" – the powers of compensatory, substituting type – besides it's traditional powers. The executive and legislative authorities have "quasi-judicial" powers, the executive authorities have "quasi-legislative" powers often.– authorities of every branch of government must have "checks" – possibility to participate in the mechanism of constitutional and legal coercion in relation to another branch of the power.The executive branch can prevent a constitutional conflict generated by a gap or defect of laws through delegated law-making. The executive branch receives "quasi-legislative" powers with delegated law-making. It allows this authorities not only to respond promptly to changing public relations, but also to fill legislative gaps in a timely manner. This "counter-balance" is aimed at preventing constitutional and legal conflicts.Conclusions. The mechanism of checks and balances, which is based on the principle of separation of powers, is the primary way to prevent constitutional and legal conflicts, and also serves the purpose of resolving conflicts that have already arisen. The main manifestations of this function are the presence of compensatory and substitutive powers of various branches of government and the possibility of one branch of government to participate in the mechanism of constitutional and legal coercion in relation to another branch of government. ; Рассматриваются категории сдержек и противовесов в контексте конституционно-правового принуждения. Анализируется правовой механизм сдержек и противовесов в концепции разделения властей в науке и правоприменительной практике зарубежных стран (Франция, США и Великобритания). Делается вывод, что не все проявления механизма сдержек и противовесов совпадают с мерами конституционно-правового принуждения по содержанию, однако и то, и другое правовое явление служит цели предупреждения и разрешения конституционно-правовых конфликтов.

The subject. The article analyzes seven stages of the evolution of the constitutional legal status of the first federal territory in history the District of Columbia, USA. In the course of this analysis, the author formulates the constitutional legal risks of the existence of federal territories in the state. From the standpoint of identifying constitutional legal risks, an amendment to Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the possibility of the formation of federal territories on the territory of Russia is also analyzed.The purpose of the paper is to identify constitutional legal risks in terms of the existence of federal territories using the example of the centuries-old struggle of the District of Columbia for autonomy.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods. In addition to this, historical method was also applicable.The main results and scope of their application. The author realized, that a certain constitutional risk exists when the federal territory is established as a special public-law entity, because the evolutionary process of the constitutional-legal status of the first federal territory, that was established in constitutional law – the District of Columbia in the United States of America, demonstrated such risk. The author describes seven different stages of the evolutionary process of the DC's constitutional legal status in its pass to autonomy and full political rights: (1) 1800–1870; (2) 1871 – June of 1874; (3) 20 of June 1874 – 1967; (4) 1967–1973; (5) 1973–1983; (6) September of 1983 – 2016; (7) since 2016 until now.According to these periods, since 1801, DC residents, bound by all obligations of American citizenship, want to be equal to the rest of America's citizens. The United States is the only democratic country in the world today that denies the right to vote for a representative of the capital in the Congress. The Statehood of Washington, DC will correct a long-standing historical injustice that is unique in its nature among all capitals in the world. The author also proposes to consider as a constitutional risk the possibility of negative consequences (legal damage) for the subjects of constitutional law due to the contention of constitutional values.In addition to this, the author concluded, that there is a risk that the Council of the Federal Territory "Sirius" will lose its representative character due to the absence of the established dependence of the number of elected Council members on the number of voters, as happened in the District of Columbia, where a fixed number of Council members (13) is also established, which cannot be changed by the district and which does not depend on the population living in its territory. It is also necessary to take into account the constitutional risk of the federal territory striving for autonomy within the federation, especially in the case of the formation of a local community on its territory. ; Анализируются семь этапов эволюции конституционно-правового статуса первой в истории федеральной территории – округа Колумбия, США. В ходе анализа формулируются конституционно-правовые риски, связанные с существованием федеральных территорий в государстве. С позиции выявления конституционно-правовых рисков также рассматривается поправка к ст. 67 Конституции РФ о возможности образования федеральных территорий в России, а также Федеральный закон от 22 декабря 2020 г. № 437-ФЗ «О федеральной территории "Сириус"». Делается вывод, что существует риск утраты представительного характера Советом федеральной территории «Сириус» в связи с отсутствием установленной зависимости количества избираемых членов Совета от численности избирателей. Также существует конституционно-правовой риск в виде стремления федеральной территории к автономии в составе федерации, особенно в случае образования местного сообщества на его территории.

The subject. The article is devoted to the retirement of a highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in 2020 due to the loss of confidence of the President of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the grounds for loss of such confidence, legal and social nature of confidence and different aspects of restriction of electoral rights for citizens. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that the retirement of a highest official in constituent entity of the Russian Federation vindicates electoral rights of citizens and decreases a level of confidence to public power of government and law. Moreover, the aim of this article is to prove that practice of the retirement of a highest official in constituent entity of the Russian Federation not always meet legal standards of negative constitutional legal responsibility. The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and logical interpretation of Russian legal acts. Social definitions such as confidence and post-truth were analyzed by methods of philosophy and sociology. The main results and scope of their application. The author describes retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation as a measure of constitutional responsibility and constitutional legal coercion in scope of practice in 2020. The author realizes, that President's decrees do not consist legal and appropriate basis for such retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation, that is why this measure due to such practice cannot be qualified as negative constitutional legal responsibility. The author suggests ways to improve the mechanisms for applying measures of constitutional coercion in cases of retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation due to the loss of confidence of the President of the Russian Federation for prevention of public power abusing, such as: 1) establishing in the federal law formally defined constitutional violations, that threaten the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, ensuring defense and security of the state, the presence/absence of which is determined in the manner of a "preliminary" trial by the courts; 2) introduce measures of constitutional legal prevention or restraint against the highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation; 3) in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation provide specific grounds for the loss of trust, established by the court. In addition to this, the author suggests to change federal law regulation to give a right for citizens, that live in a subject of the Russian Federation, to sue the President's decree about the retirement of a highest official in a subject of the Russian Federation. This measure will guarantee a real judicial protection for electoral rights for citizens. As a result, the article extends constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement to highest officials in a subject of the Russian Federation. ; Статья посвящена юридическому анализу состоявшихся в 2020 г. отставок губернаторов ряда субъектов Российской Федерации в связи с утратой доверия Президента РФ. Особое внимание уделено основаниям для утраты доверия. Предложены варианты совершенствования механизмов применения мер конституционно-правового принуждения в вопросах отрешения от должности высшего должностного лица субъекта Российской Федерации, а также гарантий защиты избирательных прав граждан.

The subject. The article is devoted to constitutional conflict about distrust to the Government of the Russian Federation and constitutional norms that regulated such conflict and were changed during the constitutional reform in 2020. The author analyzes such transformation in legal regulation and try to find causes for this changes. And also the author provides a constitutional-conflict diagnostic of new constitutional norms to identify conflictogens.Purposes of the paper are to find a legal reasons for transformation of constitutional norms about distrust to the Russian Government and to prevent an appearance in future long term of serious constitutional conflict by finding its conflictogens.The methodology of the study includes a new methodology of a constitutional legal science – constitutional-conflict diagnostic. The constitutional-conflict diagnostic is a system of consistently applied scientific methods, legal principles and presumptions aimed at obtaining information about the constitutional conflict and the constitutional-legal methods of its prevention and resolution. The constitutional-conflict diagnostic includes group of methods: dialectical and systemic methods, as well as structural and functional method; a group of private-scientific methods (historical, methods of formal logic: analysis, comparison). The formal-legal, comparative legal methods and a method of modeling of legal consequences are also used.The main results and scope of their application. The constitutional reform of 2020 year complicated the procedure for resolving the constitutional conflict of trust to the government and introduced a subject-status misbalance in part 4 of Article 117 of the Russian Constitution, expressed in the unmotivated and unjustified possibility of the president to had no activities for resolving such conflict.Legal modeling of the simultaneous implementation of the provisions of parts 3 and 4 of Article 117 of the Russian Constitution revealed the possibility of alternating procedures for expressing trust and denying in confidence to the government, which was absent before the constitutional reform.From a formal legal point of view and a conflictological approach, the amendments to Part 4 of Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation cannot be explained, and they are a certain «opportunistic maneuver» to the Russian Parliament. ; Рассматривается конституционная трансформация процедур выражения недоверия Правительству РФ и отказа ему в доверии со стороны Государственной Думы, которая была осуществлена в ходе конституционной реформы 2020 г. Анализируются причины и предпосылки соответствующих конституционных поправок, а также проводится их конституционно-конфликтная диагностика на предмет выявления конфликтогенов.

The subject of the paper is civil servants' right on pension provision and realization of this right in Russian regions.The purpose of the paper is to check the constitutionality and legality of limits to this right. Some limits were imposed by the court practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Fe- deration.The methodology. General scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison were used. The authors also use the formal legal interpretation of judicial decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, concerning pension rights of public servants.The main results and scope of their application. The principle of budget balance is very relevant for the Russian Federation and is crucial in the system of public administration. But different courts' approaches to the protection of the rights of citizens depending on their official position and social affiliation means a violation of the constitutional principle of equality of rights, infringe the rights of civil servants to state pension provision. The results of research may be used as the basis of correction of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and legislation concerning pension rights of public servants.Conclusions. Deprivation of rights to receive a pension when there is an absence of the region's necessary budget funds leads to unjustified differences in the implementation of this right in relation to civil servants in certain regions of the Russian Federation. The con-stitutional principle of equality of citizens' rights should always be taken into account by the courts when considering the most important cases related to the establishment of social support measures for certain categories of citizens. ; Устанавливается конституционность и законность условий реализации права на пен-сионное обеспечение государственных гражданских служащих субъектов Российской Федерации. Делается вывод, что лишение гражданских служащих субъекта федера-ции права на получение пенсии за выслугу лет в случае отсутствия у региона необхо-димых собственных денежных средств приводит к необоснованным различиям в ре-ализации данного права гражданскими служащими в отдельных субъектах Россий-ской Федерации.